In mass shootings...

...fewer people die when the civilians step up rather than waiting for police. Makes sense. Even in communities where the police have an active shooter protocol, where on arrival they immediately find and engage the shooter, it takes time for them  to get there.

The average number of people killed in mass shootings when stopped by police is 14.3.

The average number of people killed in a mass shooting when stopped by a civilian is 2.3.

H/T to Uncle.